The Effect Of Different Substances On The Freezing Essays

The Effect Of Different Substances On The Freezing Essays The Effect Of Different Substances On The Freezing Point Of Water Essays, Book Reports, Term Papers This essay The Effect Of Different Substances On The Freezing Point Of Water Essays, Book Reports, Term Papers has a total of 2601 words and 12 pages. The Effect of Different Substances on the Freezing Point of Water Period 4 January 19, 2012 The Effect of Different Substances on the Freezing Point of Water Introduction Water is essential for all life on Earth and covers 70% of the Earth surface. Water is a chemical substance composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. Its chemical formula is H2O. Pure water is transparent, colorless and odorless. Water is mostly seen as liquid. However water can be found in all three states of liquid, solid, and gas depending on the temperature. At room temperature, water is a liquid. But it becomes solid (ice) when the temperature drops to 0oC or it turns into gas when the temperature rises to 100oC. The reason water changes its state is molecules have energy. Water molecules in a liquid form have more energy than in a solid form. They move around quickly. When the liquid cools down, water molecules slow down their movement and the energy is reduced. When the water temperature reaches around 0oC, the molecules almost do not move and stick together to form a solid - ice (Manahan, 2010). When water and ice are in contact with each other, two things hap pen that (1) ice molecules escape into the water (melting) and (2) water molecules are captured on the ice surface (freezing). When the rate of freezing is the same as the rate of melting, the amount of water and the amount of ice do not change. The ice and water are said to be in dynamic equilibrium. The balance point between freezing and melting of the two states of water is at 0oC (Wolf, 2010). But this balance between freezing and melting can easily be disrupt when either water or ice changes conditions. Baking soda, better known to chemists as bicarbonate of soda, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, or sodium acid carbonate, is a chemical compound with a chemical formula of NaHCO3. Baking soda is a white solid and often appears as a fine powder with crystalline grains. Baking soda can form naturally. However, most baking soda sold in stores are man-made by combining carbon dioxide (an odorless gas) and soda ash (extract from sources like a mineral called trona and ashes of certain plants). As baking soda is formed by combining an acid (carbonic) and sodium hydroxide, it reacts with other chemicals as a mild alkali. Therefore, when it is mixed with acid, baking soda neutralizes the acid, breaks down proteins, and gives off carbon dioxide gas (commonly seen as bubbles) (Zukowski, 2009). Because of its chemical and physical properties, baking soda is used for a wide range of applications such as baking, cleaning, deodorizing, buffering, and fire extinguishing. Salt is a mine ral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of ionic salts. Salt is in a crystalline form but varies in color from colorless when it is pure to white, gray or brownish due to other natural mineral elements within the crystal. Salt is formed naturally and can be found everywhere in the world like underground and sea. There are many different types of salts. Salt is not only essential for human and animal lives but also often used to assist in various manufacturing and productions like textile dyeing, soap making and pottery production (Roman et al, 2011). When a substance like baking soda or salt is put into water, it is dissolved in the water. This is because the polarity of water molecules can attract the polar ionic compounds and separate the molecules of other substances. In this process, scientists term the substance to be dissolved as a solute and refer the water as the solvent the one that does the dissolving. The formed mixture is called a solution (Amora and Chu, 2010). Research has found that the freezing point of a solution is lower than 0oC, the freezing point of the pure water.

Article Review on Online Identity

Article Review on Online Identity Article Review on Online Identity In You Wanna Take This Online, Chu has addressed the prevalent issue of cyber bullying. Chu commences the article by introducing the reader to a case study about a certain girl, Taylor and what she loves most as illustrated on her blog page. Chu progresses to illustrate how Taylor was informed by Sidney, her friend, about a list of Hos in which she has been listed. Chu has used a case study approach to introduce the reader to the topic at hand, creating a form of suspense to the reader who anticipates what the author is attempting to imply while reading through the article. Chu has selected the use of technology to pick on other people as the thesis for his article Chu implies that cyber bullying is inversely relative to physical bullying in terms of gender illustrating the fact that girls bully other girls online whereas in the physical bullying boys are the victims. To reinforce on this point, Chu has provided survey results illustrating that 17% of the girls have been cyber bullied whereas less than 10% of the boys have been cyber bullied. Throughout the article, Chu has cited a survey by Clemson University who have investigated the topic thoroughly. Chu has developed his ideas and presented them in a chronological order. From the case, Chu has then introduced the aspect of cyber bullying and then he has progressed to introduce the manner in which this trend has developed and increased with the internet becoming increasingly popular. The presentation of ideas throughout the article has progressed from simple explanations to complicated aspects of cyber bullying. Chu has used a number of specialists who have contributed to the findings of his article. These specialists include Kowalski, Aftab and Taylor, who has had experience with cyber bullies. Chu extends the discussion to providing an explanation for the reasons as to why cyber bullies bully other people. The article has illustrated that the emotional or psychological problems (Chu 52). Using Aftab’s explanation, Chu has then illustrated the fact that some of the cyber bullies evidently suffer from a hormonal imbalance. To completely relate the writing of his article with the target audience, Chu has used language that is commonly used by young teenagers. The use of phrases such as Wanna and OMG is a depiction of the audience that Chu targets while writing this article. The use of slang is evident throughout the article. The use of slang words as well as the informal nature of the language used has been highly effective in ensuring that the author establishes a connection with the teenage readers. The diction is also highly informal. For instance, Chu has used the words Hos to mean whores and ‘Sooo’ to exaggerate the term ‘so’. This form of writing is highly effective in capturing the attention of the young readers. Chu has adequately researched the topic and thus is merely informing the reader about this trend. This has been illustrated by the multiple references included in this article. The information provided throughout the article is informative and hardly inquisitive. This is the main purpose of the article. Chu is attempting to reach the parents and teachers about the trend of cyber bullying as well as informing the teenagers that being picked on through the internet by their colleagues is in fact being bullied. Chu’s diction is grammatically incorrect. The use of multiple quotation marks to illustrate continuity in speech is one such error. Chu has also used certain in applicable punctuation marks such as ‘â™ ¥Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ to replace the word love. These punctuation skills that have been used are formally unusual but commonly applied in the informal setting particularly by the target readers, teenage girls. Another unusual component of Chu’s article’s punctuation is the uncalled for capitalization to illustrate emphasis. The humor that has been illustrated by the author has been illustrated through the use selected character quotations which are some of the ways through which the author has managed to keep the audience interested in the article yet manage to grasp the main information presented in the article. Chu has concluded the article through the use of Taylor’s mother course of action to watch her child over such cases of cyber bullying, illustrating that the parents need to be actively involved in the lives of these children. However, this article is spectacular based on its purpose and it engagement with the target readers. The audience has been greatly considered by Chu throughout the paper. Additionally, the content that has been presented in this article is highly credible and professionally researched. It is this core aspect of this article that has made it spectacular and relevant. Chu has also addressed the purposes of this paper well, outlining the role of the parents, teachers and the teenage students in attempting to curb and prevent the occurrence and increase in the cases of cyber bullying. Additionally, the article’s informality has been of great importance in that the author manages to interact with the thoughts of the readers. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Online Identity from our professional essay writing service.

Anode materials in Li-ion batteries Research Paper

Anode materials in Li-ion batteries - Research Paper Example Moreover, future development requires different ways of improving the anode materials which shall be discussed in this paper. The paper would be of prime importance for engineers and electronic professionals dealing in Li-ion Batteries whereas it will also benefit other researchers and people who are interesting in learning about the anode materials. Description Li-ion Battery is also known as Lithium ion battery which is primarily used as rechargeable support to different electronic devices. Currently its market sell is around 11 billion which is expected to reach 60 billion by 2020 (Li-ion batteries). Due to the technological advancements human lives are now prominently dominated by electronic gadgets and other devices. These portable electronic items require immense support of rechargeable batteries and hence Lithium ion Battery performs a very crucial role in the technological development. However, these batteries are associated with another important factor which directly impact s their performance and efficiency i.e. the properties of Anode materials used (Li-ion batteries). Source: Futurity 1 Li-ion batteries function on the basis of discharge and recharge of lithium ions. When Lithium ions are transferred from anode to cathode the Li-ion battery discharges. Subsequently it is attached to a socket in order to recharge the ions which now travel in opposite direction i.e. from cathode to anode. The property of materials used in anode substantially affects the capacity and performance of the battery. If some lapses occur in the performance of batteries then particular anode materials are replaced with substances having more capacity, density, battery life cycle, life span of the charge etc. (Li-ion batteries). The chemical reactions taking place in Li-ion batteries are presented below: Complete reaction in a cell of Li-ion Battery At Anode At Cathode The following diagram depicts the Li-ion battery in a functioning state and the movement of ions can be close ly observed. Source: Nexeon 1 Properties of Anode Materials Different anode materials are used in Lithium batteries depending upon the requirement of chargeable devices. The selection of material is further associated with the capacity constraints and the overall life of the battery. Graphite is commercially used in Li-ion battery. The first generation of Li-ion batteries was primarily operated with graphite anode material because it was found beneficial in placing the Lithium ions in to variable layers. Later on these materials were changed due to the limited capacity of graphite to store charge i.e. 300mAhg-1 (Li-ion batteries). Extensive research was conducted so as to identify other suitable materials which could be placed at anode and consequently silicon was examined to be more productive than graphite. Silicon gives the maximum gravimetric capacity while increasing the battery life. The volumetric capacity of anode significantly enhances with the insertion of lithium ions tak e in to the silicon material (Li-ion batteries). When a Li-ion battery is charged which is primarily designed with silicon anode material then the lithium ions enter the silicon ions subsequently increasing the volume by 400%. On the other hand when the battery discharges the lithium ions are removed from silicon material hence decreasing the overall volume. Although silicon has found to be more efficient than the graphite anodes but the continuous contraction and expansion ultimately causes

Phase 3 Discussion Board (LOG676) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phase 3 Discussion Board (LOG676) - Coursework Example The paper will compare the involvement of the United States in humanitarian supply chains and that of Kenya. In 2004, the earthquake and tsunami claimed close to 230000 lives while displacing 1.7 million other people. In the United States, the response was unprecedented and unequaled mobilizing over US$565 million, in both cash and kind. Kenya has been involved in hosting refugees drawn from the neighboring war-torn Somalia and Sudan as well as providing soldiers under AMISON. In any disaster response management as pointed out by practitioners, and researchers, the effectiveness of any emergency drill rely entirely on logistic speed and efficiency. While both countries face the same problems like the impact of political and decision makers in the humanitarian supply chain, other factors such as certainty as well as challenges in the supply of materials, are unique to either. With disaster management efforts measured in terms of uncertainty and complexity, the United States is better equipped with rapid response materials. The main humanitarian arms in the U. S government are the State Department’s Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration, USAID, which work with the intergovernmental organizations like the UNHCR CARE and the Catholic Relief Services. While in Kenya, the Kenya Defense Forces, and the Red Cross standout. In my opinion, what makes the response of the United States more concerted is the almost seamless organization in the structure of disaster management as compared to Kenya. Companies involved in roles such as donors, collectors, and providers seem to be well synchronized. It explains why most interventions such as those in Afghanistan and the Iraqi were successful. Companies also offer technological support and staff who are tasked with ensuring efficiency. Thus, the technological advancements help the staff access remote and almost inaccessible areas (Lee, 2003). The United States, as opposed to Kenya, has also ensured that there

The Importance of Education :: Importance of Education Essays

After twelve years of school, it took me until now to figure out exactly why I had been there all those years. It was not to torture me by making me learn how to spell but to make sure that my classmates and I got the opportunity to make the most of ourselves. Opportunity that would come from learning as much as possible from books and beginning to see that the world focuses on more than just history and English . I owe my success in life and school to teachers who taught me to spell and to be respectful and responsible. Those quick to argue with me say that school's usefulness is shallow: deeper-real-life experiences truly educate a person. School should be seen not only as a place to study, but also as a place to learn about real life. People cannot depend on experience alone for education just as they cannot solely rely on information from school books to prepare them for life. The lessons, whether from a book or not, learned in school transcend the classroom to real life situatio ns. School, in essence, functions as a ladder to the future. The farther up the ladder a person goes, the more prepared for real life he will find himself. Respect is one of the keys to getting up the ladder and succeeding in many aspects of life. I grew up respecting my elders: whether it was my grandparents or the librarian, I have always had respect. The regard I have developed for teachers has come from knowing that I will need their help to make it through school and I can only get it by being respectful and polite. To help students up the ladder, school indirectly teaches its students about respect. Although not found on the pages of any text book, learning lessons in respect can be very helpful. The idea of respect starts with teachers and often branches to the development of peer and self respect. Everyone has experienced a teacher that they couldn't stand and dreaded going to that class. It was times like that which challenged the respect that had begun to develop. In eight grade, my english teacher was one of the mose mean people I have ever met. I got a 0 on a quiz because I spelled one word wrong (it was not a spelling quiz). I hated going to her class, half the time, I just wanted to scream at her.

Creative writing: National Service

I, David Vivian-Currie, had been used to the upper-class life until I was forced to join the war through National Service. I had received the dreaded letter on 29th May 1944, a week before it detailed me to leave. I was to help recapture France from the German's. Until I had received the letter, I felt that I had lived quite a pleasant life: I had attended Dunce Hall in North London and, at the age of thirteen, had moved onto Eton, where I became a school prefect in my final year. My father, John Vivian-Currie, was a well-established banker who had always tried to give me the best opportunities in life. After realising his success in banking, I decided to give it a try after I left Eton, and by the age of twenty-five, I had risen to the position of my father's assistant. He had avoided National Service due to age reasons. I however, had not. Due to my schooling I entered the army as captain, so I was in a better position that most of the soldiers. However, I still knew that I had virtually no chance of surviving. Today, 5th June 1944, I was sitting in the tiny transport boat with the remainder of my platoon, preparing ourselves for the journey to France, that would decide the rest of our lives. There was not a cloud in the sky, however, it was still quite brisk, I was glad that I had decided to put an extra pair of breeches on, but it didn't really matter, for I would probably be dead in less that twelve hours. At eleven o'clock the boat started to move, over the choppy English Channel, for some of us, this was the last time that we would ever see our homes. Overhead, it was possible to hear the jittering from the engines of the Spitfires and Lancaster's, above us. The aim of these planes was to bombard the landing spots around the coast, destroying any gun emplacements, the success of this raid, would decide the success of this invasion. I decided to sleep for a while as tomorrow would be one of the most important days of my live. Was I to live or die! I woke at half past four by the sounds of the bombardment occurring a mere six miles away. I felt horribly ill. I wasn't able to hold it back any more, I had to lean over the side of the transport vessel and vomit. I was so scared! There were a few other men in the boat that were suffering from the same problem as me: fear! Soon enough the boat started to smell of the putrefying stench of sick. Normally I would feel even worse at this sordid stink, but it wasn't the time to worry about that. We were less than two miles from the French coast, about an hour before landing. I decided to make a final check of my equipment, machine gun, yes, grenades, yes, water bottle, yes, pistol, yes, helmet, yes, bandages, yes. I thought that was everything, but then I realised that I had forgotten my radio. I had a problem. How was I going to keep in contact with the commanding officer? I looked up only to see the French coast and I started thinking, â€Å"Oh shit, here we go. † I managed to compose myself, I called my platoon around me. Instead of going out of the front and being slaughtered by German machine guns, I suggested that as soon as we reached the beach we should jump out of the side of the transport vessel, into the shallow water. This way we had a better chance of survival. Approximately five minutes after I finished debriefing my platoon, the boat driver shouted â€Å"two minutes,† we were close. All of a sudden we became under heavy machine gun fire, the night bombardment obviously hadn't been very productive. I shouted the order to get out of the boat, oh no! Due to the lack of communication I had forgotten to tell the driver that I had chosen not to go out of the front, he opened the door and, almost instantaneously, nine men were dead. I had managed to climb over the side, as had ten others. We had been in France for less than two minutes and we had already suffered heavy casualties. With the rest of my men, I moved up the beach and found some cover behind a huge rock about 40 metres from the cliffs. We were safe for the moment, but soon we would have to move on. There was an abandoned trench about seven metres away, with a concrete wall in front of it that should provide some much needed cover. I shouted the order, and we sprinted up the beach to the trench. We had made it without suffering any more casualties. Now was the time to attack. I positioned Phil Wainsley, the sniper, in position; he had a clear view of a small machine gun emplacement, which was operated by two tall, bearded men. I watched the emplacement through a periscope that one of the privates had stolen from an Italian Colonel a week previously. After seeing that both men had dropped dead, I shouted that it was safe. We rushed up the beach to find the best position to lay down some covering fire for the rest of the army running up the beach. I looked along the coastline, to see bodies everywhere. It was horrible. The sea was red from the blood of those that had lost their lives, there were people searching for friends, relatives, and in some cases, lost limbs. I turned round to find that I was on my own platoon had moved up the side of the hill. I pursued them quickly, trying to dodge the oncoming bullets. I caught up with them at the bottom of a set of stairs leading up the side of the cliff to the main gun emplacement. We waited there for a moment and then ran up the stairs to the emplacement; there we threw two grenades into the building. We waited for the smoke to settle from the explosion, and then charged in killing any survivors. The battle had been won, we had taken control both of the gun emplacements, it was now safe for the Navy to come to the beach, they had been waiting a few miles of the coast. It was essential that they came. So that we could set up a camp, reducing the chances of loosing our position. It was half past twelve before all of the equipment had been unloaded from the large warships; however, it would take two hours to set up. I was now reunited with my senior officer, my regiment, The South Alberta Regiment, and armoured car regiment. I was just sitting quietly beside my armoured jeep, not believing that I had just survived that onslaught. I was in a new world, from being a banker to a Captain in the English army, I felt like a massive juxtaposition. I suddenly heard somebody shouting my name, it was the captain in the Royal Logistics Corps, informing me that I was to report to Colonel Radley, the highest ranked officer in the camp. When I reached his tent, I was flabbergasted, it was beautiful inside: along the left hand side of the room was situated a large bed, with the woodwork made from pine. Just past the bed, there was the most beautiful mahogany table. Along the opposite side of the room, was positioned a Cedar wardrobe and chest of drawers. I must say that I was very jealous of the Colonel, even though I was a captain, I still had to share a tent with my platoon: not the most comfortable of places. After gazing around the room, I was asked into the head office of the camp, this is where all of the senior ranking officers worked. I walked through the room, which was littered with communication appliances and typewriters. A Corporal led me through the room to the Colonel's office. Once in the office I saluted my senior, and listened to what he had to say. He was saying that due to my bravery and superb leadership of my platoon, for leading the allies over the cliffs, and securing a position. I was being awarded the Victoria Cross, and promoted to the role of Major. I started to think that the army wasn't so bad after all. A promotion, and being awarded the best medal possible, after spending less than forty-eight hours in the army. However, I was still feeling very weird, being away from home, not knowing if I would live long enough to see it again. The Colonel then informed me that I was to take three tanks and two jeeps to try and regain control of Dieppe, a small French town a short way along the coast. After hearing this I saluted and thanked the Colonel, and briskly marched towards my regimental base. There I selected fifteen other men to assist me with this assignment. We filled the vehicles with fuel and ammo, and set off. I started to feel a little queasy again. After reaching Dieppe, I could understand why regaining control of it was so important to the Allies. It had a well-established harbour, big enough and deep enough to contain an entire fleet. The coastline was very steep, making a coastal attack virtually impossible. Dieppe was also a link between Calais and Le Havre. When we reached the town square, which looked as if it had been deserted a long time ago, we became under heavy machine gun fire from the derelict church steeple. This however, didn't really cause a problem for the tanks. There was rubbish everywhere, from buildings that had been destroyed. There were walls missing from certain houses, and others were just non-existent, just gaps in the street where they had previously been. After sorting out the problem in the town square, we stopped to gather our bearings after checking that there was no one else around. We sat down inside a small deserted cafi, which smelt a little like rotten pot-pourri, not a smell that I want to remember.

Manipulating and Deceiving Viewers with Sound Bites and...

Manipulating and Deceiving Viewers with Sound Bites and Images In Duguid and Brown’s article ‘The Social Life of Documents’, the authors make mention of how documents usually tend to raise more debate than suppress it. This is true, as there can be an innumerable amount of possible interpretations for one document alone. However, while there is no ‘right’ interpretation of a document, there has to be a set of standards to abide by to judge all of these competing ideologies. This is where the use of sound bites and images used in news media tend to be a source of debate. First of all, sound bites are defined as ‘film segments within a news story that show someone speak without interruption’, while image bites are defined as ‘film†¦show more content†¦In so many words, the image can be influential in delivering a subconscious message. Another problem that occurs with the use of images in the media, is the disagreement that occurs when ‘textual crawls on the bottom of the screen ar e unconnected to the captions, images, and audio narrative’ they are shown in conjunction with (Wojcieszak, 10). This results in audience distraction, as the work required to comprehend the contradictory messages is similar to reading two newspapers at once (Esser, 4). Now for some specific examples of the juxtaposition of words and images in the media. In the aftermath of both 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, CNN, Fox News and MSNBC, repeatedly used onscreen and audio messages during their broadcasts to add to the gravity of the already dramatic footage. In one case, CNN used images of military trucks and armed, uniformed men because they conveyed a sense of emergency and also because of their association with wars and danger (see Appendix A). This idea was further encouraged by combining this footage with the captions, â€Å"The Day After† and â€Å"America Under Attack.† Also repeatedly using the words â€Å"victims† and â€Å"soldiers,† Green 4 upheld the drama of this iconic–linguistic combination (Wojcieszak, 10). After the 9/11 attacks, the Palestinian rights activist Hanan Ashrawi was interviewed on CNN. She was trying to convince the American public of the unrepresentative nature of the celebrations thatShow MoreRelatedEnders Game by Orson Scott Card Essay example2588 Words   |  11 Pagesof philosophy at University of Colorado Boulder with thirty four years of experience touches upon the issue of manipulation in politics. â€Å"In their unseemly scramble for office, politicians have been derided for negative advertising, sound-bite sloganeering, pandering to popular prejudice, and various species of more or less outright lying. Many of these behaviors are subsumed under the general heading of manipulation† (Mills). Gaining support through lying is common in politicsRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesdowden@csus.edu. iv Praise Comments on the earlier 1993 edition, published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, which is owned by Cengage Learning: There is a great deal of coherence. The chapters build on one another. The organization is sound and the author does a superior job of presenting the structure of arguments. David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attractRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagestime a new strategy is formulated, the state of structure and everything else in the organization must be considered anew. According to Andrews, Until we know the strategy we cannot begin to specify the appropriate structure (551). If we need one image to capture the sense of this school, it is that famous picture of Thomas J. Watson Sr. sitting, looking very proper, THE DESIGN S C H O O L 33 under a sign that says THINK. Thousands of copies of this picture were distributed in the lateRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDiversity Programs 58 Summary and Implications for Managers 60 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Attitude Toward Older People? 40 Myth or Science? â€Å"Dual-Career Couples Divorce Less† 47 An Ethical Choice Religious Tattoos 51 glOBalization! Images of Diversity from Around the Globe 54 Point/Counterpoint Men Have More Mathematical Ability Than Women 61 Questions for Review 62 Experiential Exercise Feeling Excluded 62 Ethical Dilemma Board Quotas 62 Case Incident 1 The Flynn Effect 63 Case Incident